According to Xinhua News Agency, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee recently issued the “Opinions on Strengthening United Front Work in the Private Economy in the New Era” and circulated a notice requiring all regions and departments to conscientiously implement these guidelines in light of their specific circumstances.

　　The “Opinions” articulate the significant importance of strengthening united‑front work among the private sector from three perspectives: it is an essential means of ensuring the Party’s leadership over the private economy; a key component of developing and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics; and an important guarantee for promoting high‑quality development of the private sector. The document calls for taking Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guiding principle, upholding the Party’s leadership over united‑front work in the private sector, adhering to the “two unwavering commitments,” fostering a relationship between government and business that is both close and clean, and following the principles of trust, unity, service, guidance, and education, so as to continuously strengthen the political consensus among private‑sector entrepreneurs to advance along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics under the leadership of the Party.

　　The “Opinions” stipulate that, in strengthening the ideological and political development of private-sector entrepreneurs, it is essential to uphold the banners of patriotism and socialism, intensify political guidance and ideological education, continuously consolidate the foundation of ideological and political work among private-sector entrepreneurs, broaden and deepen political consensus, deepen education on ideals and convictions, enhance ideological guidance, and encourage entrepreneurs to strive to become “four models.”

　　With regard to “building a high‑quality contingent of representatives from the private sector,” the Opinions stipulate that we must uphold the principle of Party leadership over talent, follow the patterns of development inherent in private-sector entrepreneurs, and, with the goals of enhancing competence, optimizing structure, and enabling effective contributions, cultivate a team of highly qualified, responsible representatives from the private sector. It is essential to clarify the scope of work, improve the selection mechanisms, strengthen education and training, standardize political arrangements, and intensify efforts to nurture the younger generation.

　　The Opinions state that upholding the principle of centering on the central tasks and serving the overall situation, and promoting the high-quality development of the private sector, are both intrinsic to the united front work related to the private economy and key benchmarks for assessing the effectiveness of such efforts. It is essential to advance the implementation of the new development philosophy, encourage participation in major national strategies, support engagement in the comprehensive deepening of reform, and continuously improve the business environment.

　　The “Opinions” state that fostering a clean and close relationship between government and business is a key task in the united front work related to the private sector. Leveraging the united front to facilitate communication and consultation between government and enterprises is a crucial step in building such a relationship. It is necessary to standardize the content of these communications and consultations, innovate their formats, strengthen outreach and services for chambers of commerce and private enterprises, and improve mechanisms for voicing the concerns of private businesses and safeguarding their rights and interests.

　　The Opinions state that the Federation of Industry and Commerce and its affiliated chambers of commerce constitute an important organizational foundation for united‑front work in the private sector. It is necessary to deepen the reform and development of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, foster and develop chambers of commerce with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that united‑front work effectively extends to these chamber organizations. Furthermore, efforts should be made to advance the reform and modernization of the Federation of Industry and Commerce and to guide the orderly and standardized development of relevant organizations representing private entrepreneurs.

　　With regard to “strengthening the Party’s leadership over united front work in the private sector,” the Opinions emphasize that such work is a vital task for the entire Party. It must be placed high on the agenda, and, under the unified leadership of Party committees, a framework should be established in which all relevant parties have clearly defined roles yet collaborate efficiently. Furthermore, the leadership and institutional mechanisms should be improved, organizational support strengthened, and capacity-building enhanced, thereby providing robust support for effectively carrying out united front work in the private sector in the new era.

　　The main contents of the “Opinions on Strengthening United Front Work in the Private Economy in the New Era” are as follows:

　　Since the launch of reform and opening-up, China’s private sector has enjoyed sustained and rapid growth, while the Party’s united front work targeting the private sector has continuously expanded and innovated. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has put forward a series of new concepts, ideas, and strategies and adopted a host of major measures, guiding and advancing the united front work for the private sector to achieve remarkable results. At the same time, it must be recognized that, as socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era, the scale of the private sector continues to expand, risks and challenges have become increasingly pronounced, and the values and interests of private-sector entrepreneurs are growing ever more diverse, presenting new circumstances and tasks for the united front work in this sector. To thoroughly implement the major decisions and arrangements of the Party Central Committee, further strengthen the Party’s leadership over united front work in the private sector, and better rally the wisdom and strength of private-sector entrepreneurs behind the goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the following opinions are hereby put forward.

　　I. Significant Importance

　　(1) Strengthening the United Front work related to the private sector is an important means of ensuring the Party’s leadership over it. As an intrinsic component of China’s economic system, the private sector has always served as a vital economic foundation for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics; and private-sector entrepreneurs, as our own people, have consistently been a key force that our Party must unite with and rely upon in order to maintain long-term governance. By fully recognizing the significance of the private sector to China’s economic and social development, and by appreciating the enduring and inevitable nature of its existence and growth, we can promote innovative development in United Front work targeting the private sector in the new era. This will help continuously strengthen the Party’s leadership over the private sector, bring the broad ranks of private-sector entrepreneurs even more closely into the Party’s fold, and rally powerful forces united in striving to realize the Chinese Dream.

　　(II) Strengthening the United Front work related to the private sector is an important component of developing and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics. To uphold and improve this system and advance the modernization of China’s governance system and governance capacity, we must steadfastly adhere to and refine our basic economic system, unswervingly consolidate and develop the public sector, and unwaveringly encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector. Doing a good job in the United Front work concerning the private sector helps to stimulate the enthusiasm and initiative of private-sector actors in deepening reform, expanding opening-up, and participating in national governance; it also enables the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation, enhances the government’s role, and fully highlights the institutional strengths of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

　　(3) Strengthening the United Front work in the private sector is a crucial safeguard for promoting its high-quality development. To deepen supply-side structural reform and achieve high-quality economic growth, it is imperative that private enterprises accelerate their transformation and upgrading and enhance the overall competence of the private‑sector entrepreneur community. By bolstering United Front work in the private sector, we can help private entrepreneurs strengthen their confidence in development, boost their innovation capacity, and encourage and support them in shifting their development models, adjusting industrial structures, and reorienting growth drivers, thereby fostering even greater progress in the private economy.

　　II. General Requirements

　　(IV) Guiding Principles. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we will comprehensively implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, and Fourth Plenary Sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee. Closely focusing on the coordinated advancement of the Five‑in‑One overall layout and the Four‑Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, we will comprehensively enhance the Party’s capacity and competence in leading united front work among the private sector, earnestly strengthen such work, and educate and guide private-sector entrepreneurs to bolster their “Four Consciousnesses,” firmly uphold their “Four Confidences,” and resolutely safeguard the “Two Upholds.” We will ensure that they unswervingly heed the Party and follow its lead, thereby making greater contributions to achieving the Two Centenary Goals and realizing the Chinese Dream of national rejuvenation.

　　(5) Basic Principles. Uphold the Party’s leadership over united front work in the private sector, consistently planning and advancing this work from a political perspective and with a holistic view; adhere to the “two unwavering commitments,” further strengthening the Party’s leadership and cohesion among private-sector entrepreneurs; foster a relationship between government and business that is both close and clean, optimize the business environment, and promote a sound political ecosystem; uphold the principles of trust, unity, service, guidance, and education, properly balance consistency and diversity, simultaneously encourage and support while providing education and guidance, and continuously enhance the political consensus among private-sector entrepreneurs to follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics under the Party’s leadership.

　　III. Strengthening the Ideological and Political Development of Private-sector Entrepreneurs

　　Upholding the banners of patriotism and socialism, we will strengthen political guidance and ideological direction, continuously consolidating the foundation of ideological and political work among private-sector entrepreneurs.

　　(6) Consolidate and broaden political consensus. Educate and guide private-sector entrepreneurs to arm themselves with Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, using it to guide their practice, and to maintain high-level alignment with the CPC Central Committee in terms of political stance, political direction, political principles, and the political path, always remaining politically clear-headed. Further strengthen Party building within private enterprises, ensuring that Party organizations effectively serve as strong fortresses and that Party members play exemplary and pioneering roles. Vigorously publicize the CPC Central Committee’s major policies and guidelines on the development of the private sector, continue to advance innovation in thought and theory, and promptly address the concerns and aspirations of the broader private‑sector community. United Front departments at all levels must implement the accountability system for ideological work in the private‑sector sphere, ensuring that they fulfill their responsibilities, take ownership of their duties, and discharge them conscientiously.

　　(7) Deepen education on ideals and convictions. Continuously carry out practical activities to promote such education, innovate its formats and discourse, expand its reach, and enhance its effectiveness. Relying on thematic education demonstration bases in old revolutionary base areas, poverty-stricken regions, and pioneering zones of reform and opening-up, strengthen education on the global situation, national conditions, and the Party’s circumstances, guiding entrepreneurs in the private sector to steadily deepen their political, ideological, and emotional identification with the Communist Party of China and socialism with Chinese characteristics. Give full play to the exemplary role of CPC-member private entrepreneurs and leading figures in the private sector in this educational endeavor, fully mobilize the initiative and creativity of the broader private-sector community, and reinforce self‑learning, self‑education, and self‑improvement.

　　(8) Strengthen ideological guidance. Guide private-sector entrepreneurs to enhance their sense of self-discipline, fortify their moral and ethical defenses, strictly regulate their conduct, cultivate healthy lifestyles and interests, and project a positive public image. Improve systems for networking and friendship‑building, as well as for candid dialogue and exchange, so as to forge broad and deep relationships with sincere and constructive allies, and to develop a core contingent of private-sector leaders who can be relied upon and called upon in critical moments. In accordance with the principle of “unity–criticism–unity,” broaden the scope of unity and demonstrate inclusiveness.

　　(9) Advocate striving to be exemplars in four areas. Strengthen value‑oriented guidance, encouraging private‑sector entrepreneurs to cultivate a sound understanding of the nation, the rule of law, their career, and wealth, and to set an example through patriotism and dedication, lawful business practices, entrepreneurial innovation, and giving back to society. Deepen publicity and education on the Chinese Dream, fostering a sense of national commitment among private‑sector entrepreneurs, who should regard serving the country through industry and strengthening the nation through real‑economy development as their mission, working down-to-earth and conducting themselves with humility and modesty. Attach great importance to the cautionary role of typical cases, carry out regular legal‑awareness campaigns and警示教育, firmly establish the bottom line of law‑based and compliant operations, and promote a culture of honoring and upholding credibility, thereby continuously enhancing the legal literacy and moral standards of private‑sector entrepreneurs. Vigorously promote the spirit of outstanding entrepreneurs and the spirit of craftsmanship, fully unleashing innovative vitality and creative potential. Advocate a philosophy that balances righteousness and profit, placing righteousness first; uphold the principle of remembering one’s roots when becoming prosperous and striving for progress while affluent; conscientiously fulfill social responsibilities; actively foster harmonious labor relations; and participate enthusiastically in the Guangcai Program, targeted poverty alleviation, and public‑welfare and charitable endeavors. Overcome hedonism and extravagance, ensuring that prosperity is accompanied by virtue, love, and responsibility.

　　IV. Building a High-Caliber Team of Leading Figures in the Private Sector

　　Upholding the principle of Party leadership over talent, and in accordance with the developmental patterns of private-sector entrepreneurs, we will build a contingent of high-caliber, responsible representatives from the private sector, with the goals of enhancing their competence, optimizing their composition, and enabling them to play a more effective role.

　　(10) Clarify the scope of work. United Front work shall be directed toward all private enterprises and individuals in the private sector. The primary target groups include the principal investors and de facto controllers of private enterprises; key managerial personnel holding equity in such enterprises; individual major shareholders of private investment institutions; leading officials of industry‑and‑commerce‑related social organizations whose members are predominantly private enterprises and private‑sector entrepreneurs; heads of relevant social service agencies; senior partners of private intermediary agencies; Hong Kong and Macao businesspeople investing in mainland China; and representative individual industrial and commercial households.

　　(11) Improve the talent‑selection mechanism. Broaden the scope of talent recruitment to encompass diverse regions and sectors, as well as large, medium‑sized, and small and micro enterprises, and establish databases and talent pools for representatives of the private sector. Expand channels for identifying talent, leverage the roles of personnel‑management authorities, united front work departments, and industry regulators, and build a talent‑management system that supports the sound growth of private‑sector entrepreneurs. Optimize the composition of the representative cadre, giving appropriate preference to strategic emerging industries, high‑tech industries, advanced manufacturing, modern services, and modern agriculture, thereby fostering and strengthening a contingent of private‑sector leaders who remain steadfastly committed to the Party and wholeheartedly dedicated to development.

　　(12) Strengthen education and training. Develop a comprehensive plan for building the contingent of representatives from the private sector, establishing a standardized and institutionalized system of education and capacity‑building. Fully leverage the motivating effect of recognizing outstanding non‑public‑sector entrepreneurs as builders of socialism with Chinese characteristics, further enhancing their social influence. Centered on promoting fine traditional culture and the spirit of entrepreneurship, intensify educational and training efforts for private‑sector entrepreneurs. Local Party schools (administrative institutes) at all levels should place particular emphasis on educating and training Party members who are engaged in the private sector. Adhering to political criteria, proactively yet prudently carry out the work of admitting outstanding individuals from among private‑sector representatives into the Party, promptly bringing into the Party those who demonstrate strong political integrity, enjoy broad public recognition, and meet the requirements for Party membership. For those whose workplaces lack Party organizations, the organizational and personnel departments of Party committees (Party leading groups) at or above the county level may directly undertake liaison and cultivation efforts.

　　(13) Standardize political arrangements. Adhere to selection and appointment criteria that emphasize strong ideological and political integrity, robust industry representation, solid capacity for participating in state affairs, and high social credibility; rigorously vet candidates’ political standing and compliance with laws and regulations; and, in accordance with relevant provisions, solicit prior input from enterprise Party organizations and all concerned parties. Improve the comprehensive evaluation system for representatives of the private sector to ensure the quality of personnel selection and appointment. Carry out pilot programs to appoint private-sector entrepreneurs as chairpersons of provincial federations of industry and commerce. Proceed prudently with recommending outstanding private-sector entrepreneurs as candidates for membership on the standing committees of people’s congresses and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conferences at all levels, maintaining strict gatekeeping. Launch initiatives to engage private-sector entrepreneurs as special prosecutors and special supervisors. Guide representatives of the private sector to strengthen their sense of responsibility and duty, and establish sound systems for performance assessment and mechanisms for withdrawal.

　　(14) Strengthen efforts to nurture the younger generation. Formulate and implement a plan to promote the healthy growth of the younger cohort of private-sector entrepreneurs, intensifying education and training. Leverage the mentoring role of senior-generation private entrepreneurs, vigorously uphold the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, and place great emphasis on family values, family education, and family ethos. Guide the younger generation to inherit and carry forward the glorious tradition of heeding the Party’s call and following its leadership, striving to ensure a smooth handover and orderly succession across generations in their careers.

　　V. Supporting the High-Quality Development of the Private Economy

　　Adhering to the principle of centering on the overarching goals and serving the overall situation, and promoting the high-quality development of the private sector, is both an essential component of united front work in the private sector and a key criterion for assessing the effectiveness of such efforts.

　　(15) Promote the implementation of the new development philosophy. Strengthen education on the current situation and policies, vigorously identify and highlight exemplary models, and guide private-sector entrepreneurs to plan and advance enterprise reform and development in line with the new development philosophy. Fully leverage the various industry–university–research–application collaboration platforms established by the government, and harness the positive role of private enterprises in scientific and technological innovation and the commercialization of research outcomes. Conduct in-depth investigations and studies, promptly report and help address institutional and systemic barriers hindering the transformation and upgrading of private enterprises. Guide private-sector entrepreneurs to pursue progress while maintaining stability, stay committed to the real economy and strengthen their core businesses, reinforce bottom-line thinking, heighten risk awareness, and effectively prevent and defuse operational risks, particularly financial risks.

　　(16) Encourage participation in major national strategies. Relying on united front organizations, mobilize private-sector entrepreneurs to engage in major national strategies such as the innovation-driven development strategy, thereby achieving enterprise growth while contributing to the overall national economic development and elevating their ideological outlook and professional vision. Strengthen exchanges and cooperation with business and industry associations in key countries and regions, as well as with their representative offices in China, and fully leverage the role of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce within relevant international cooperation mechanisms. Guide private enterprises to actively participate in the Belt and Road Initiative, conscientiously safeguard national interests, and project a positive image of Chinese private enterprises.

　　(17) Support engagement in the comprehensive deepening of reform. Guide private-sector entrepreneurs to view the adjustments in interests brought about by reform in a balanced manner, to understand, support, and participate in reform, and to offer insightful advice and pragmatic proposals for advancing the comprehensive deepening of reform. Encourage private enterprises to take part in mixed-ownership reform. Assist private enterprises in improving their corporate governance structures and exploring the establishment of a modern enterprise system with Chinese characteristics. Promote private enterprises to proactively strengthen exchanges and cooperation with world-class companies and leading state-owned enterprises, thereby continuously enhancing their operational capabilities and management standards.

　　(18) Continuously optimize the business environment. With a focus on fostering fair market competition and ensuring equal protection of property rights, we will advance the development of a business environment that is market‑oriented, rule‑of‑law based, and internationally aligned. We will educate and guide private-sector entrepreneurs to cultivate legal awareness, adhere to lawful operations, and proactively uphold fair, open, and transparent market rules. We will strengthen statistical monitoring and analytical capabilities for the private sector and vigorously promote innovation in service and management. We will fully leverage the strengths of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce and chambers of commerce, actively participate in business‑environment assessments, and proactively cooperate with relevant authorities in legally identifying and rectifying wrongful cases involving infringements on the property rights of private enterprises, as well as in preventing and addressing the issue of overdue payments owed to private firms.

　　VI. Establish and improve the system of communication and consultation between government and enterprises

　　Promoting the development of a clean and close relationship between government and business is a key task in the united front work related to the private sector. Leveraging the united front to facilitate communication and consultation between government and enterprises is a crucial step in fostering such a relationship.

　　(19) Standardize the content of communication and consultation. This includes analysis and assessment of the economic situation and the development of the private sector; economic and social development and industrial development plans; annual economic work arrangements; major reform initiatives and policies affecting enterprises; the formulation and amendment of important laws and regulations pertaining to businesses; efforts to optimize the business environment and foster a clean and close government–business relationship; common challenges faced by private enterprises; as well as risk prevention and crisis management for key, pillar private enterprises.

　　(20) Innovate forms of communication and consultation. Party committees and governments at all levels, together with relevant departments, shall solicit in advance the views and suggestions of representatives from private enterprises and industry associations and chambers of commerce on matters under consultation. Leading officials of party committees and governments at all levels shall engage in dialogues and frank exchanges with representatives of private enterprises and industry associations and chambers of commerce to share information, focus on bottlenecks in development, jointly explore solutions, and establish sound mechanisms for following up on and providing feedback on outcomes. A special research system for representatives of the private sector shall be established, with annual targeted fact-finding missions; party and government leaders, as well as relevant departments, are required to carefully consider the opinions and recommendations put forward during these investigations. In regions where the private sector plays a significant role, party committees and governments may invite representatives of private enterprises and industry associations and chambers of commerce to attend economic work conferences and meetings related to the development of the private sector, while people’s congresses may convene sessions to formulate or revise relevant local regulations. When formulating industry standards and norms, relevant departments should generally entrust industry associations and chambers of commerce with submitting their views.

　　(21) Strengthen liaison and services for chambers of commerce and private enterprises. Establish a system whereby Party and government leading cadres maintain regular contact with chambers of commerce, focusing on industry‑specific and professional chambers as well as township and subdistrict-level chambers, to ensure smooth channels for these organizations to convey information and put forward recommendations to Party committees and governments. Standardize the interactions between Party and government leaders and figures in the private sector by formulating positive and negative lists, encouraging cadres to take proactive measures and provide front‑line services, while also urging them to uphold ethical boundaries and guard against integrity risks, thus ensuring relationships that are both “close” yet measured and “clean” yet effective. United Front departments and federations of industry and commerce should actively and proactively engage with private enterprises, promptly identifying and helping to resolve their difficulties and challenges.

　　(22) Improve mechanisms for voicing the concerns of private enterprises and safeguarding their rights and interests. Guide entrepreneurs in the private sector to express their demands and protect their rights in a lawful and rational manner. Uphold the normal order of business operations in accordance with the law, and respect and protect the legitimate personal and property rights of entrepreneurs. Enhance diversified dispute-resolution mechanisms, including mediation, arbitration, and litigation, to promptly and effectively resolve civil and commercial disputes involving private enterprises.

　　VII. Effectively leverage the roles of the Federation of Industry and Commerce and chambers of commerce.

　　The Federation of Industry and Commerce and its affiliated chambers of commerce constitute an important organizational foundation for the united front work in the private sector. It is essential to deepen the reform and development of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, foster and expand chambers of commerce with Chinese characteristics, and ensure that united front work effectively extends to these chamber-based organizations.

　　(23) Advance the reform and development of the Federation of Industry and Commerce. Centered on the overarching goal of promoting the “two healths,” we will uphold the principles of building the organization through political work, uniting members, strengthening it through service, and reinforcing it through reform. We will actively explore organizational structures, operational mechanisms, and modes of engagement that effectively integrate the distinctive strengths of united front work, economic vitality, and grassroots participation, thereby continuously enhancing the Federation’s cohesion, execution capacity, and influence. We will fully leverage the Federation’s guiding role in the ideological and political development of private-sector entrepreneurs, its pivotal function as the primary channel for their orderly political participation, its service-oriented contributions to the reform and development of private enterprises, its collaborative efforts in safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods and innovating social governance, and its democratic oversight in ensuring equal legal protection of property rights. Through these efforts, we will strive to build the Federation into a true “home” for private-sector entrepreneurs. We will also proactively explore effective ways to better fulfill the Federation’s role as a non-governmental chamber of commerce (general chamber of commerce), innovate platforms for services, training, and rights protection, accelerate the development of an “online Federation,” and further enhance the overall effectiveness of our work.

　　(24) Promote the effective coverage of united front work within chambers of commerce. Strengthen Party building within chambers of commerce affiliated with the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, and explore and refine effective mechanisms for Party organizations under the Federation to lead and manage Party building in their affiliated chambers. Pilot a system of united front liaison officers within the Party organizations of these chambers. Actively foster and develop chambers of commerce under the Federation, ensuring that their organizational reach encompasses all sectors and fields of the private sector’s development. Encourage and guide private enterprises to join chambers of commerce, while removing any thresholds—such as minimum asset requirements—for membership expansion. For industry associations and chambers of commerce whose members are primarily private enterprises and private-sector entrepreneurs, the Federation should enhance communication, provide guidance, and offer services. Transfer or delegate public service functions appropriately suited to be performed by chambers of commerce to them. Through government procurement of services and other means, support and assist chambers of commerce in better undertaking public services and participating in social services. Encourage localities with the necessary conditions to enact local regulations or government rules to standardize and promote the development of industry associations and chambers of commerce. Accelerate the lawful registration and incorporation of chambers of commerce affiliated with the Federation.

　　(25) Guide the standardized and orderly development of organizations affiliated with private entrepreneurs. In accordance with the working principles of ascertaining the situation, proactively engaging with these entities, exercising regulation in accordance with the law, and providing active guidance, we will ensure the effective functioning of such organizations. Entrepreneurial organizations that have not undergone registration as social groups shall be prohibited from engaging in group‑related activities. Those that have been registered with market regulatory authorities but primarily conduct group‑related activities shall undergo rectification and reorganization; among them, those that meet the statutory requirements shall be registered and managed as social organizations in accordance with the law. Strengthen guidance and oversight over forums, seminars, lectures, salons, and other events organized by entrepreneurial organizations.

　　VIII. Strengthen the Party’s Leadership over United Front Work in the Private Economy

　　United Front work in the private sector is a vital task for the entire Party. It is essential to place the strengthening of this work high on the agenda, and, under the unified leadership of Party committees, to establish a framework for united front work in the private sector that features clear division of responsibilities and efficient inter‑agency coordination.

　　(26) Improve the leadership and institutional mechanisms. Party committees at all levels shall, through the United Front Work Leading Groups, establish and refine coordination mechanisms for united front work in the private sector, regularly deliberating and making arrangements, and promoting such work in a coordinated manner. The united front departments of party committees should fully assume their leading and coordinating roles in this area, while the Federation of Industry and Commerce should serve as a bridge, a link, and a supportive assistant.

　　(27) Strengthen organizational support. Enhance the capacity of united front work related to the private sector by selecting and appointing capable personnel for the relevant departments of the United Front Work Department and for the organs of the Federation of Industry and Commerce, ensuring that staff are both proficient in united front work and well-versed in economic affairs. Party committees’ united front departments at the city and county levels, where tasks are particularly demanding, should coordinate existing resources, bolster their workforce, and ensure the effective implementation of their duties.

　　(28) Strengthen capacity building. Enhance education and training, emphasize practical experience, and comprehensively elevate the overall competence of the cadre team engaged in united front work related to the private sector. Further bolster their ability to grasp issues from a holistic perspective, manage risks and challenges, facilitate communication and coordination, and foster innovation and initiative, thereby providing robust support for advancing united front work in the private sector in the new era.