Cheng Chao and Liu Fenghua, deputy county magistrates of You County, accompanied by the principal leaders of the You County High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, visited Hunan Haohua to inspect epidemic prevention and control efforts.

Deputy County Magistrates Cheng Chao and Liu Fenghua of the Youxian People’s Government, accompanied by leading officials from the Youxian High-Tech Industrial Development Zone, visited Hunan Haohua to inspect epidemic prevention and control efforts.

Common Terms and Definitions in Microbial Pesticides

Common Terms and Definitions in Microbial Pesticides Terms are sets of concepts used within specific disciplines, serving as the theoretical foundation for establishing norms and standards, and enabling precise and concise definitions of relevant entries. Due to their distinct characteristics compared to chemical pesticides, microbial pesticides require specialized terminology. Based on the FAO/WHO Guidelines on Microbial Pesticides, existing standards for microbial pesticides, and related materials, this paper summarizes key terms and definitions concerning basic definitions, classification, content, impurities, testing, and other aspects of microbial pesticides. The aim is to provide a reference for research, education, production, promotion, and management in the field of microbial pesticides, thereby advancing industry standardization. --- ### 1. Basic Terms #### 1.1 Microbial Pesticide (microbial pesticide/microbial pest control agent, MPCA) A pesticide whose active ingredient consists of living microorganisms—such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses—either naturally occurring or genetically modified. #### 1.2 Microbial Pesticide Active Substance (microorganism active substance) The microorganism itself or its associated metabolic products that exert biological activity against target pests; these may be either live or inactivated. #### 1.3 Technical Grade of Microbial Pesticide (Technical grade of MPCA) The raw microbial material used to manufacture microbial pesticide formulations. It represents a highly purified form of the microbial pesticide, typically containing only substances necessary for microbial growth, reproduction, or purification during production, with no additional additives or excipients. In special cases, small amounts of preservatives, stabilizers, or diluents may be added to facilitate storage and transportation. #### 1.4 Microbial Pest Control Product (microbial pest control product, MPCP) A formulated pesticide product that uses live microbial agents as its active ingredients, registered or labeled for controlling harmful organisms. #### 1.5 Host (Host) An animal (including humans), plant, or microorganism that provides an environment or nutrients for another organism (the parasite). #### 1.6 Multiplication (Multiplication) The ability of microorganisms to replicate or increase in number during infection. #### 1.7 Colonization (Colonization) The capacity of microorganisms to proliferate and persist in an environment, such as on the surface of a host organism (e.g., skin) or within internal organs (e.g., intestines, lungs), or in external environments (e.g., skin) and internal tissues (e.g., digestive tract). Colonized microorganisms may remain viable for extended periods, with colony numbers potentially stable, increasing, or slowly declining. Colonizing microorganisms can be harmless, functional, or pathogenic. #### 1.8 Survival (Survival) The state in which active microorganisms remain viable on or within plants, animals, or soil for a specified period after application. #### 1.9 Infection (Infection) The process by which pathogenic microorganisms enter or invade a susceptible host, regardless of whether they cause pathological effects or disease. For infection to occur, microorganisms must penetrate the host’s body, typically entering cells, where they can reproduce and form new infectious units. Simply ingesting a pathogen does not constitute infection. #### 1.10 Invasion (Invasion) The process by which microorganisms enter a host organism, such as penetrating the epidermis or intestinal epithelial cells. "Primary invasive" is a characteristic feature of pathogenic microorganisms. #### 1.11 Pathogenicity (Pathogenicity) The ability of microorganisms to cause disease or harm to a host. Many pathogens exhibit pathogenicity through a combination of virulence and invasiveness, or via the interplay between virulence and colonization. However, some diseases caused by invading pathogens result from abnormal responses triggered by the host's defense mechanisms. #### 1.12 Infectivity (Infectivity) The capacity of microorganisms to breach or evade natural host barriers, enter the host body, and maintain viability or reproductive capability. Infectiousness may vary in severity, location, and quantity but does not necessarily imply the presence of pathological effects or disease symptoms. #### 1.13 Ecological Niche (Ecological niche) The unique environmental position occupied by a particular species, defined by its physical space within a community or ecosystem and the functions it performs. #### 1.14 Symbiosis (Symbiosis) An interaction between two organisms in which one benefits while the other also gains, often resulting in mutual advantages for both parties. --- ### 2. Classification Terms #### 2.1 Bacterial Pesticide (bacterial pesticide) A single-celled prokaryotic microbial pesticide with insecticidal or bacteriostatic bioactivity. Bacteria are tiny, simple in structure, and reproduce asexually through binary fission. They are the most widely distributed and abundant microorganisms in nature. ##### 2.1.1 Endospore (endospore) A dormant bacterial structure, typically round, oval, or cylindrical. Each endospore produces only one bacterium and exhibits exceptional heat resistance and refractive properties, making it easy to count under a microscope. Endospore-forming bacteria, such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus subtilis, are among the most common types found in microbial pesticide products. ##### 2.1.2 Cyst (cyst) Some bacteria form a resistant, drought-tolerant yet heat-sensitive dormant structure when exposed to unfavorable conditions. This is achieved by thickening the outer cell wall and losing water. ##### 2.1.3 Vegetative Cell (vegetative) A single living bacterial cell capable of forming a colony under suitable culture conditions. #### 2.2 Fungal Pesticide (fungal pesticide) A eukaryotic microbial pesticide with insecticidal or disease-preventive bioactivity. Fungi generally propagate through spores produced via asexual or sexual reproduction, including conidia, blastospores, chlamydospores, and mycelial vegetative structures. ##### 2.2.1 Spore (spore) Fungal reproductive structures come in various forms. ##### 2.2.1.1 Conidium (conidium) Asexual reproductive cells produced on conidiophores, appearing as single or multiple cells of varying shapes and sizes. These are the most common type of fungal spores in microbial pesticides, exemplified by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. ##### 2.2.1.2 Blastospore (blastospore) Formed through budding, where a portion of the cell membrane and protoplasm protrudes outward, leaving one nucleus in the parent cell and sending another into the bud. This type of spore is commonly found in yeasts, Cryptococcus, and Candida species. ##### 2.2.1.3 Chlamydospore (chlamydospore) Produced when mycelial filaments swell and divide, forming thick-walled, long-lived dormant spores resistant to adverse environmental conditions. ##### 2.2.2 Mycelial Vegetative Structure (vegetative hypha) A single tubular filament that serves as the structural unit of most fungi. ##### 2.2.3 Microsporidium (microsporidium) Develops and divides within host cells, repeatedly reproducing asexually and exhibiting contagious, ovoid-shaped parasitic behavior. Classified as a lower-level fungus, it was formerly known as "microsporidian." #### 2.3 Viral Pesticide (viral pesticide) A non-cellular viral particle composed of nucleic acid and a protein coat, targeting insects as hosts and exerting pathogenic effects. It possesses direct and indirect bioactivities for controlling harmful insect populations. ##### 2.3.1 Baculoviridae Family (Baculoviridae) This family includes several subfamilies, such as: - **Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV):** Contains one or more polyhedral particles, ranging from 12-sided to 6-sided, with diameters between 0.5–15 μm. These particles house segmented genomes within host cell nuclei. NPVs are the most widely used and registered viral pesticides, exemplified by cotton bollworm nucleopolyhedrovirus. - **Granulovirus (GV):** Features spherical granules containing NPV-like particles, typically smaller in size and enclosed within a capsule. GV particles are often found in host cell cytoplasm or nucleus, with double-stranded DNA genomes. Their usage and registration rank second only to NPVs, with examples like diamondback moth granulovirus. - **Cytoplasmic Polyhedrovirus (CPV):** Composed of numerous hexagonal or quadrangular polyhedral particles, usually measuring 0.5–10 μm in diameter. CPVs proliferate within host cell cytoplasm, with segmented RNA genomes. Common examples include pine caterpillar CPV. - **Densovirus (DV):** A small, icosahedral virus particle (diameter: 18–30 nm) without an envelope, featuring single-stranded DNA. DV replicates within host cell nuclei, forming dense chromatin regions early in infection. Examples include black cockroach densovirus. --- ### 3. Active Ingredient Content Terms --- These terms collectively provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the fundamental concepts, classifications, and technical specifications of microbial pesticides, facilitating clearer communication and standardized practices across the industry.3.1 Toxin Protein Content The amount of toxin protein in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products, which is converted into insecticidal toxin proteins through alkaline hydrolysis, is typically determined using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), expressed as a percentage (%). 3.2 Microbial Content The content of viable bacterial or fungal cells—such as hyphae or spores—in microbial pesticide products, measured per unit mass or volume. This is commonly assessed by plate count methods, with units expressed as CFU/g or CFU/mL. 3.2.1 Colony Forming Units (CFU) A colony forming unit refers to an independent visible colony formed on a culture medium after the growth of one or more cells (e.g., conidia, hyphae). It is used to estimate the concentration of viable fungal or bacterial active ingredients in pesticides. 3.3 Spore Content The amount of viable fungal spores present in microbial pesticide products per unit mass or volume. This is often measured using a hemocytometer. Spore content equals the actual number of spores multiplied by the viability rate, expressed as spores/g or spores/mL. 3.3.1 Viability Rate of Spores The percentage of spores that can germinate under specific cultivation conditions—defined as having a germ tube length exceeding half the spore diameter—expressed as a percentage (%), also known as the spore germination rate. 3.4 Occlusion Bodies (OB/Polyhedral Inclusion Bodies, PIB) After infecting a host, viral particles replicate extensively within host cells, forming non-crystalline, inactive, high-refractive-index protein aggregates enclosed by protective membranes. These occlusion bodies consist of viral particles, a protein matrix that stabilizes the virus, and an outer protective membrane. Under alkaline conditions, these structures dissolve, releasing infectious viral particles that re-infect the host. Occlusion bodies serve as the primary vehicles for horizontal transmission of microbial viruses and are observable under light microscopy. 3.4.1 Occlusion Body Content The number of occlusion body viral particles contained in a given unit mass or volume of microbial pesticide products. For polyhedral viruses, this is typically measured using a hemocytometer; for granular viruses, bacterial counting plates or real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR may be employed. Units are expressed as OBs or PIBs per gram or milliliter. Generally, granular viruses are quantified as OBs, while polyhedral viruses are quantified as PIBs or IBs; however, internationally, OBs are predominantly used. 3.5 Virulence/Biopotency Ratio The ability of a microorganism to kill or inhibit target pests, assessed by measuring the severity of disease symptoms induced in hosts upon inoculation with a specified dose. This is determined through bioassays evaluating potency or biological activity. Measures include the median lethal dose (LD50), median lethal time (LT50), percentage mortality, or inhibition rates (%). Additional activity units include International Toxicity Units (ITU) and International Units (IU). The biopotency ratio compares the biological responses elicited by test samples versus reference standards, providing a relative measure of the biological efficacy of microbial pesticides. 3.5.1 International Toxicity Unit/International Unit An international toxicity unit (ITU) or international unit (IU) represents the smallest measurable unit capable of demonstrating a defined level of virulence in bioassays. Standardized by relevant international pesticide organizations or agreements, ITUs and IUs serve as official benchmarks. Although their meanings are essentially equivalent, it is recommended to uniformly adopt ITUs for expressing the virulence of microbial pesticides, thereby avoiding unnecessary confusion. Key factors include proper preparation of reference standards and confirmation of virulence levels. The virulence or biopotency of microbial pesticides can be evaluated by comparative bioassays against reference samples possessing established ITUs or IUs, with results reported in terms of ITU or IU values per unit weight or volume.

118 tips for handling water-reactive hazardous chemicals—please check them out!

118 Essential Guidelines for Handling Water-Reactive Hazardous Chemicals—Please Review! At present, China has entered the flood season, with widespread high temperatures and variable rainy weather. Severe convective weather events such as thunderstorms, strong winds, and hail are occurring frequently. All types of hazardous chemical accidents have entered a period when they are particularly likely to occur! How can we effectively prevent and control safety risks in chemical and hazardous‑chemical enterprises during the flood season? The Hubei Provincial Emergency Management Department previously organized relevant agencies to compile a list of water‑reactive hazardous chemicals along with 118 emergency response measures. Items that pose an explosion hazard upon contact with water: items 1–56; Items that pose a combustion hazard upon contact with water: items 57–75; Items that pose a poisoning hazard upon contact with water: items 76–105; Items that produce hydrogen chloride upon contact with water: items 106–118. List of Water‑Reactive Chemicals and Corresponding Emergency Response Measures Note: Click on the image to enlarge it for better viewing.

Glyphosate prices continue to rise, and the agrochemical price index has returned to its historical peak.

Glyphosate prices continue to rise, pushing the pesticide price index back to its historical peak. In 2013, the China Pesticide Industry Association first published the China Agricultural Pesticide Price Index (CAPI), serving as a barometer of China’s macroeconomic developments in the pesticide sector and reflecting changes, trends, and levels in pesticide prices. At the beginning of 2020, the COVID‑19 pandemic erupted globally, triggering restrictions on production resumption and disruptions to supply chains. These factors severely impacted normal operations within China’s pesticide industry, leading to short-term shortages and sharp price increases. During the critical period of domestic epidemic control in February, constrained production and limited availability of certain spring‑plowing pesticides drove prices higher, lifting the February price index to 89.04. By March, as work resumed and logistics gradually improved, supply constraints eased, causing the index to dip slightly to 88.87; the average for the first quarter stood at 88.83. In April, with the domestic epidemic under control, pesticide exports rebounded against the trend, resulting in a significant surge in demand that pushed prices up again, raising the index to 89.93. Subsequently, as the direct impact of the pandemic waned and global market demand remained sluggish, the price index declined markedly, averaging 88.27 in the second quarter and 85.03 in the third quarter. Entering the fourth quarter, rising costs of upstream raw materials such as yellow phosphorus and glycine, coupled with dwindling inventories and tighter market supply, spurred a recovery in glyphosate prices, which in turn helped lift the overall pesticide price index. The fourth‑quarter average reached 85.95. Entering 2021, favorable global weather conditions, increased market demand, and rising prices of raw materials and intermediates collectively contributed to substantial price hikes across most pesticide categories, with herbicides—particularly glyphosate and glufosinate—experiencing the largest increases. Taking glyphosate as an example, its weighted average transaction price in June 2021 was RMB 38,400 per ton, up 61.34% from the end of 2020, driving the pesticide price index up by 17.00 percentage points. Looking at the performance of the three major pesticide categories, herbicides exhibited rapid growth, propelled by rising demand and prices for products like glyphosate, glufosinate, and 2,4‑D. The index climbed from 82.86 at the start of the year to 106.76 in June, a 30.05% increase. This marks the first time the herbicide index has surpassed 100 since the “peak” following the 2013 environmental compliance review of glyphosate, and the upward trend is expected to persist in the near term. Compared to the steep rise seen in the herbicide index, the insecticide price index showed more moderate growth, increasing from 101.72 at the beginning of the year to 114.10 in June—a 12.17% rise—and gradually returning to last year’s level. As for fungicides, recurring outbreaks in some domestic regions during the early part of the year coincided with the crucial spring‑planting preparation period, affecting crop protection needs for wheat, rapeseed, and other crops. Short‑term surges in demand led to price increases, lifting the fungicide index from 109.83 at the start of the year to 115.53 in March—an increase of 5.19%. However, as warmer weather set in and demand weakened, prices fell, dragging the index down to 106.37 by June, a 7.93% decline. Year-to-date changes in China’s Agricultural Pesticide Price Index (CAPI) from January to June 2021 Comparing the year-on-year changes between the first half of 2021 and the same period in 2020 reveals that both the overall pesticide index and the herbicide index remain above the 0.00% baseline, indicating higher levels than in the corresponding period of 2020. Herbicides, in particular, consistently exceeded the 20% threshold, reaching a peak year-on-year increase of 60.45% in June. Meanwhile, the insecticide price index initially dipped below last year’s level but steadily narrowed the gap, eventually surpassing it by March. Fungicides, however, remained significantly lower than the previous year, with April marking the sharpest year-on-year drop at 20.33%. In June 2021, China’s agricultural pesticide price index continued to climb. According to data from the China Pesticide Industry Association, the CAPI stood at 108.46, up 3.95% month-over-month and 25.66% year-over-year. Analyzing the performance of the three major pesticide categories, herbicides maintained strong momentum, insecticides grew steadily, while fungicides continued to decline. Notably, the sustained rise in glyphosate’s base‑material prices was the primary driver behind the positive growth of both the pesticide and herbicide indices. Herbicides The herbicide price index reached 106.76, up 8.58% month-over-month and 60.45% year-over-year. The chart below illustrates the changes in China’s Agricultural Pesticide Price Index (CAPI) from 2020 through June 2021: Driven by ongoing domestic and international demand, combined with rising costs of raw materials and intermediates, this month’s weighted average transaction price of glyphosate rose 13.61% compared to the previous month, contributing 8.84 percentage points to the herbicide price index’s sharp increase—the main factor behind the substantial rise. Insecticides The insecticide price index stood at 114.10, up 1.59% month-over-month and 3.26% year-over-year. Among insecticide products, the transaction prices of imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, trichlorfon, and triazophos increased by 3.74%, 4.36%, 7.11%, and 8.15%, respectively, boosting the insecticide price index by 2.04 percentage points. Avermectin and matrine-based products remained relatively stable, with only minor fluctuations. Other products such as profenofos, lambda‑cyhalothrin, malathion, and fipronil saw their prices fluctuate within ±2.5%. Fungicides The fungicide price index settled at 106.37, down 3.28% month-over-month and 18.15% year-over-year. Among fungicide products, the transaction prices of carbendazim, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, methyl thiophanate, fluopyram, and prothioconazole all declined by 3–9.5%, pulling the fungicide price index down by 5.06 percentage points. Conversely, the prices of ethephon, propiconazole, and difenoconazole rose by 5.86%, 4.08%, and 7.06%, respectively, adding 1.44 percentage points to the fungicide price index. Prices for other fungicides fluctuated within a narrow range.

Forecast of the Occurrence Trends of Diseases and Pests in Mid- to Late-Season Rice

Forecast of Disease and Pest Trends for Mid-to-Late Season Rice Recently, the National Agricultural Technology Center convened a consultation meeting in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, to discuss the 2021 national trends in disease and pest outbreaks affecting mid-to-late season rice. Based on comprehensive analyses of current pest and disease populations, cultivation conditions, and climatic factors, technical personnel from plant protection agencies across 20 major rice-producing provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government, along with relevant experts, project that in 2021, major diseases and pests will generally occur at moderate to severe levels, covering a total area of 920 million mu‑times. Specifically, insect pests are expected to affect 630 million mu‑times, while fungal diseases will impact 290 million mu‑times. Among these, brown planthopper and sheath blight are forecast to be moderately to severely prevalent, whereas stem borer and blast disease will range from moderate to severe, rice false smut will be moderate, and southern rice black-streaked dwarf disease is expected to be relatively mild. --- ### Forecast Trends #### I. Insect Pests - **Brown Planthopper**: Expected to be moderately to severely prevalent, with a nationwide affected area of approximately 270 million mu‑times. White-backed planthoppers will be particularly severe in eastern Southwest China and the Jianghan Plain, while moderate infestations are anticipated across much of the Southwest, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, South China, the Jiangnan region, and the Jianghuai rice-growing areas. Brown planthoppers will be moderately to severely prevalent in eastern South China, most of the Southwest, the Jiangnan region, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with moderate occurrences in much of South China, eastern Southwest China, and the Jianghuai rice-growing areas. - **Rice Leaf Roller**: Moderately to severely prevalent in western Jiangnan and along rivers and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with moderate infestations across most of Jiangnan, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, eastern Southwest China, and much of South China. The nationwide affected area is projected at 160 million mu‑times. - **Two-brooded Stem Borer**: Moderately to severely prevalent in western Jiangnan, northern Southwest China, eastern South China, eastern Jiangnan, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Jianghuai region, and the central-southern parts of Northeast China. The nationwide affected area is estimated at 130 million mu‑times. - Other minor pests such as gray planthopper, three-brooded stem borer, large stem borer, rice stem fly, armyworms, and Taiwan rice stem borer are expected to occur to varying degrees in certain rice-growing areas, with a total nationwide affected area of approximately 69 million mu‑times. #### II. Fungal Diseases - **Sheath Blight**: Moderately to severely prevalent across much of South China, eastern Southwest China, the Jiangnan region, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with moderate infestations in eastern South China, most of the Southwest, and northeastern China. The nationwide affected area is projected at 180 million mu‑times. - **Rice Blast**: High risk of moderate to severe outbreaks in hilly and mountainous areas of Southwest China and Jiangnan, as well as in Northeast China, while most other rice-growing regions face moderate risks. The nationwide affected area is estimated at 56 million mu‑times. - **Rice False Smut**: Generally moderate, with a potential for more severe outbreaks during the heading and flowering stages if prolonged rainy weather occurs. The nationwide affected area is projected at 38 million mu‑times. - **Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Disease**: Overall expected to be relatively mild, though localized moderate outbreaks may occur in western Guangxi, southwestern Guangdong, and central-southern Hunan. The affected area is estimated at 1 million mu‑times. - Other diseases such as bacterial leaf blight, panicle rot, sesame leaf spot, and root-knot nematode infections are also expected to occur to some extent in certain rice-growing areas, with a total nationwide affected area of approximately 15 million mu‑times. --- ### Basis for Prediction 1. **Baseline Conditions Favoring Medium-to-Severe Outbreaks**: - Current brown planthopper populations in South China, Jiangnan, and most of the Southwest typically range from 300 to 1,100 insects per hundred plants, with localized peaks reaching 60,000–100,000 in eastern Southwest China and central Jiangnan. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Jianghuai region, populations generally stand at 100–300 insects per hundred plants, with isolated cases up to 4,000 in Shanghai. Rice leaf roller larvae densities remain low—around 5,000 in Hunan, 2,700 in Guangxi, and 1,200 in Chongqing—with most other regions reporting fewer than 500 larvae per hundred plants; however, localized fields in central-western Hunan and central Guizhou have exceeded 100,000 larvae per hundred plants. Two-brooded stem borer populations in northern Southwest China, eastern South China, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River generally range from 250 to 450 larvae per hundred plants, but average densities in Hunan reach 3,500, surpassing the threshold for severe outbreaks (1,000 larvae per hundred plants). Rice blast has numerous infection points and continues to spread widely, with susceptible varieties still accounting for a significant share of planted acreage. Sheath blight has long been a persistent problem, with abundant fungal inoculum present in fields. 2. **Host Crops and Field Ecological Conditions Favor Disease and Pest Development**: - In South China and Jiangnan, mixed planting of single- and double-cropping rice creates favorable conditions for migratory pests and stem borers to move between crops. In the Southwest and along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, uneven growth cycles among single-crop rice varieties increase the likelihood of susceptible growth stages coinciding with rainy weather, thereby promoting the spread of climate-dependent diseases like rice blast and rice false smut. Most mid-to-late-season rice varieties are high-quality strains, yet their resistance levels remain relatively low; some varieties have experienced reduced or lost resistance, especially under intensive water and fertilizer management practices. Such conditions result in nutrient-rich environments and dense canopy cover, further facilitating the occurrence and proliferation of rice diseases and pests. 3. **Climatic Factors Favoring Epidemic Diseases and Northward Migration of Migratory Pests**: - According to forecasts from the National Meteorological Center, this summer (July–August) temperatures across China are expected to be generally higher than usual, with above-average rainfall in Northeast China, eastern Jianghuai, northeastern Jiangnan, eastern and northern Southwest China, most of the Jianghan Plain, and southern South China. These conditions are conducive to the outbreak and spread of diseases such as rice blast, sheath blight, and rice false smut, potentially leading to localized sudden epidemics. Meanwhile, precipitation remains below normal in southern Southwest China, South China, Jiangnan, and most of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Additionally, elevated daytime temperatures (daily maximums ≥35°C) are expected to persist in the Jianghuai, Jianghan, and Jiangnan regions, resulting in periodic heatwaves that may somewhat suppress the population growth of migratory pests. However, with 6–8 typhoons forecast to make landfall or significantly impact China in the second half of the year—close to the long-term average or even slightly above—it is possible that northward-moving typhoons could bring substantial damage to eastern China and areas further north, thereby facilitating the northward migration and subsequent harm caused by migratory pests.